Unusual Spectrally Reproducible and High Q-Factor Random Lasing in Polycrystalline Tin Perovskite Films.

An unusual spectrally reproducible near-IR random lasing (RL) with no fluctuation of lasing peak wavelength is disclosed in polycrystalline films of formamidinium tin triiodide perovskite, which have been chemically stabilized against Sn2+ to Sn4+ oxidation. Remarkably, a quality Q-factor as high as ≈104 with an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold as low as 2 µJ cm-2 (both at 20 K) are achieved. The observed spectral reproducibility is unprecedented for semiconductor thin film RL systems and cannot be explained by the strong spatial localization of lasing modes. Instead, it is suggested that the spectral stability is a result of such an unique property of Sn-based perovskites as a large inhomogeneous broadening of the emitting centers, which is a consequence of an intrinsic structural inhomogeneity of the material. Due to this, lasing can occur simultaneously in modes that are spatially strongly overlapped, as long as the spectral separation between the modes is larger than the homogeneous linewidth of the emitting centers. The discovered mechanism of RL spectral stability in semiconductor materials, possessing inhomogeneous broadening, opens up prospects for their practical use as cheap sources of narrow laser lines.

Revealing Giant Exciton Fine-Structure Splitting in Two-Dimensional Perovskites Using van der Waals Passivation.

Organic-inorganic layered perovskites are currently some of the most promising 2D van der Waals materials. Low crystal quality usually broadens the exciton line width, obscuring the fine structure of the exciton in conventional photoluminescence experiments. Here, we propose a mechanical approach to reducing the effect of spectral diffusion by means of hBN capping on layered perovskites, revealing the exciton fine structure. We used a stochastic model to link the reduction of the spectral line width with the population of charge fluctuation centers present in the organic spacer. van der Waals forces between both lattices cause the partial clamping of the perovskite organic spacer molecules, and hence the amplitude of the overall spectral diffusion effect is reduced. Our work provides a low-cost solution to the problem of accessing important fine-structure excitonic state information, along with an explanation of the important carrier dynamics present in the organic spacer that affect the quality of the optical emission.

Tin perovskite solar cells with >1,300 h of operational stability in N2 through a synergistic chemical engineering approach.

Despite the promising properties of tin-based halide perovskites, one clear limitation is the fast Sn+2 oxidation. Consequently, the preparation of long-lasting devices remains challenging. Here, we report a chemical engineering approach, based on adding Dipropylammonium iodide (DipI) together with a well-known reducing agent, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), aimed at preventing the premature degradation of Sn-HPs. This strategy allows for obtaining efficiencies (PCE) above 10% with enhanced stability. The initial PCE remained unchanged upon 5 h in air (60% RH) at maximum-power-point (MPP). Remarkably, 96% of the initial PCE was kept after 1,300 h at MPP in N2. To the best of our knowledge, these are the highest reported values for Sn-based solar cells. Our findings demonstrate a beneficial synergistic effect when additives are incorporated, highlight the important role of iodide in the performance upon light soaking, and, ultimately, unveil the relevance of controlling the halide chemistry for future improvement of Sn-based perovskite devices.

Inhomogeneous Broadening of Photoluminescence Spectra and Kinetics of Nanometer-Thick (Phenethylammonium)2PbI4 Perovskite Thin Films: Implications for Optoelectronics.

An outstanding potentiality of layered two-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (2DHPs) is in the development of solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. In 2DHPs, an exciton is localized in an atomically thin lead(II) halide inorganic layer of sub-nanometer thickness as in a quantum well sandwiched between organic layers as energetic and dielectric barriers. In previous years, versatile optical characterization of 2DHPs has been carried out mainly for thin flakes of single crystals and ultrathin (of the order of 20 nm) polycrystalline films, whereas there is a lack of optical characterization of thick (hundreds of nanometers) polycrystalline films, fundamentals for fabrication of devices. Here, with the use of photoluminescence (PL) and absorption spectroscopies, we studied the exciton behavior in ∼200 nm polycrystalline thin films of 2D perovskite (PEA)2PbI4, where PEA is phenethylammonium. Contrary to the case of ultrathin films, we have found that peak energies and line width of the excitonic bands in our films demonstrate unusual extremely weak sensitivity to temperature in 20-300 K diapason. The excitonic PL band is characterized by a significant (∼30 meV) Stokes shift with respect to the corresponding absorption band as well as by a full absence of the exciton fine structure at cryogenic temperatures. We suggest that the observed effects are due to the large inhomogeneous broadening of the excitonic PL and absorption bands resulting from the (PEA)2PbI4 band gap energy dependence on the number of lead(II) halide layers of individual crystallites. The characteristic time of the exciton energy funneling from higher- to lower-energy crystallites within (PEA)2PbI4 polycrystalline thin films is about 100 ps.

Tuning optical/electrical properties of 2D/3D perovskite by the inclusion of aromatic cation.

The employment of bulky aliphatic cations in the manufacture of moisture-stable materials has triggered the development and application of 2D/3D perovskites as sensitizers in moisture-stable solar cells. Although it is true that the moisture stability increases, it is also true that the photovoltaic performance of 2D/3D PVK materials is severely limited owing to quantum and dielectric confinement effects. Accordingly, it is necessary the synthesis and deep optical characterization of materials with an adequate management of dielectric contrast between the layers. Here, we demonstrate the successful tuning of dielectric confinement by the inclusion of a conjugated molecule, as a bulky cation, in the fabrication of the 2D/3D PVK material (C6H5NH3)2(CH3NH3)n-1PbnI3n+1, where n = 3 or 5. The absence of excitonic states related to n ≥ 1 at room temperature, as well as the very low concentration of excitons after 1 ps of excitation of samples in which n ≥ 3, provide strong evidence of an excellent ability to dissociate excitons into free charge carriers. As consequence films with low n, presenting higher stability than standard 3D perovskites, improved significantly their performance, showing one of the highest short circuit current density (Jsc ≈ 13.8) obtained to date for perovskite materials within the 2D limit (n < 10).

Strong Dipolar Effects on an Octupolar Luminiscent Chromophore: Implications on their Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties.

Design parameters derived from structure-property relationships play a very important role in the development of efficient molecular-based functional materials with optical properties. Here, we report on the linear and nonlinear optical properties of a fluorene-derived dipolar system (DS) and its octupolar analogue (OS), in which donor and acceptor groups are connected by a phenylacetylene linkage, as a strategy to increase the number of delocalized electrons in the π-conjugated system. The optical nonlinear response was analyzed in detail by experimental and theoretical methods, showing that, in the octupolar system OS, the dipolar effects induced a strong two-photon absorption process whose magnitude is as large as 2210 GM at infrared wavelengths. Solvatochromism studies were implemented to obtain further insight on the charge transfer process. We found that the triple bond plays a fundamental role in the linear and nonlinear optical responses. The strong solvatochromism behavior in DS and OS was analyzed by using four empirical solvent scales, namely Lippert-Mataga, Kamlet-Taft, Catalán, and the recently proposed scale of Laurence et al., finding consistent results of strong solvent polarizability and viscosity dependence. Finally, the role of the acceptor groups was further studied by synthesizing the analogous compound 2DS, having no acceptor group.

Fluorescence of new o-carborane compounds with different fluorophores: can it be tuned?

Two sets of o-carborane derivatives incorporating fluorene and anthracene fragments as fluorophore groups have been successfully synthesized and characterized, and their photophysical properties studied. The first set, comprising fluorene-containing carboranes 6-9, was prepared by catalyzed hydrosilylation reactions of ethynylfluorene with appropriate carboranylsilanes. The compound 1-[(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene-2-yl)ethynyl]carborane (11) was synthesized by the reaction of 9,9-dioctyl-2-ethynylfluorene and decaborane (B10H14). Furthermore, reactions of the lithium salt of 11 with 1 equivalent of 4-(chloromethyl)styrene or 9-(chloromethyl)anthracene yielded compounds 12 and 13. Members of the second set of derivatives, comprising anthracene-containing carboranes, were synthesized by reactions of monolithium or dilithium salts of 1-Me-1,2-C2B10H11, 1-Ph-1,2-C2B10H11, and 1,2-C2B10H12 with 1 or 2 equivalents of 9-(chloromethyl)anthracene, respectively, to produce compounds 14-16. In addition, 2 equivalents of the monolithium salts of 1-Me-1,2-C2B10H11 (Me-o-carborane) and 1-Ph-1,2-C2B10H11 (Ph-o-carborane) were reacted with 9,10-bis(chloromethyl)anthracene to produce compounds 17 and 18, respectively. Fluorene derivatives 6-9 exhibit moderate fluorescence quantum yields (32-44 %), whereas 11-13, in which the fluorophore is bonded to the Ccluster (Cc), show very low emission intensity (6 %) or complete fluorescence quenching. The anthracenyl derivatives containing the Me-o-carborane moiety exhibit notably high fluorescence emissions, with ϕF = 82 and 94 %, whereas their Ph-o-carborane analogues are not fluorescent at all. For these compounds, we have observed a correlation between the Cc-Cc bond length and the fluorescence intensity in CH2Cl2 solution, comparable to that observed for previously reported styrene-containing carboranes. Thus, our hypothesis is that for systems of this type the fluorescence may be tuned and even predicted by changing the substituent on the adjacent Cc.

A versatile methodology for the controlled synthesis of photoluminescent high-boron-content dendrimers.

Fluorescent star-shaped molecules and dendrimers with a 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene moiety as the core and 3 or 9 carborane derivatives at the periphery, have been prepared in very good yields by following different approaches. One procedure relies on the nucleophilic substitution of Br groups in 1,3,5-tris(4-(3-bromopropoxy)phenyl)benzene with the monolithium salts of methyl and phenyl-o-carborane. The second method is the hydrosilylation reactions on the peripheral allyl ether functions of 1,3,5-tris(4-allyloxy-phenyl)benzene and 1,3,5-tris(4-(3,4,5-trisallyloxybenzyloxy)phenyl)benzene with suitable carboranyl-silanes to produce different generations of dendrimers decorated with carboranyl fragments. This approach is very versatile and allows one to introduce long spacers between the fluorescent cores and the boron clusters, as well as to obtain a high loading of boron clusters. The removal of one boron atom from each cluster leads to high-boron-content water-soluble macromolecules. Thermogravimetric analyses show a higher thermal stability for the three-functionalized compounds than for those containing 9 clusters. All compounds exhibit photoluminescent properties at room temperature under ultraviolet irradiation with high quantum yields; these depend on the nature of the cluster and the substituent on the C(cluster). Cyclic voltammetry indicates that there is no electronic communication between the core and the peripheral carboranyl fragments. Due to the high boron content of these molecules, we currently focus our research on their biocompatibility, biodistribution in cells cultures, and potential applications for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT).

Estructura temporal y espacial de la comunidad de peces arrecifales de la Isla San José, Golfo de California, México / Seasonal and spatial structure of reef fish community in San Jose Island, Gulf of California, México

Seasonal and spatial structure of reef fish community in San Jose Island, Gulf of California, México. The Gulf of California is one of the most fish diverse areas of the Tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. In spite of its economic value, few works have considered fish community studies for optimum management. With the aim to determine the seasonal and spatial variation of fish communities in eight locations around the San Jose Island, some ecological research was conducted from March 2001 to February 2002. For this, visual censuses were used in 48 transects of 100x5m (500m²); specific analysis such as diversity values, the relative abundance and the biological value indexes were undertaken, and a principal component analysis applied. Our results clearly showed two climatic seasons of cold and warm waters. A total number of 26 608 organisms of 112 species and 76 genera of fishes were identified. We used the relative abundance index to determine the most important species, which were: Abudefduf troschelii, Thalassoma lucasanum, Stegastes rectifraenum, Mulloidichthys dentatus, Chromis atrilobata, Lutjanus argentiventris and Scarus ghobban. February was the month with the lowest diversity with a value of 3.12bits/ind. and October was the most diverse (4.13bits/ind.). According to the biological value index (BVI) and considering the climatic seasons, the fish species with the highest score during cold months were: A. troschelii, M. dentatus, S. ghobban, S. rectifraenum and T. lucasanum. Besides, for warmer months, the same fish species were observed but in different order and abundance: A. troschelii, S. ghobban, S. rectifraenum, T. lucasanum and M. dentatus. Using the biological value index, 13 species were those which had a higher overall score. The locations by the Eastern side of the island had a greater number of species and abundance of fish. The principal component analysis (PCA) applied using the seasonal data, species richness, diversity, equity, number of species and total abundance during the warmer months also a PCA within spatial data, showed that location in Punta Colorada had a high correlation with the number of species, diversity and total abundance. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (2): 649-667. Epub 2012 June 01.

Para determinar la variación estacional y espacial de la comunidad de peces en ocho localidades alrededor de la Isla San José en el Golfo de California se realizo un estudio ecológico de marzo 2001 a febrero 2002. Además, se utilizaron censos visuales en 48 transectos de 100x5m (500m²). También, se detectaron dos temporadas climáticas: una fría y otra cálida, se observaron 26 608 organismos de 112 especies de 76 géneros de peces. Asimismo, se utilizo el índice de abundancia relativa para determinar las especies más importantes. Febrero fue el mes de menor diversidad y octubre el mayor. De acuerdo con el índice de valor biológico, 13 especies fueron las que obtuvieron un mayor puntaje. En los meses cálidos se presentaron las mismas especies pero en diferente orden y abundancia. Las localidades de la zona oriental de la isla, presentaron un mayor número de especies y abundancia de peces. En el análisis de componentes principales (ACP) la riqueza específica, diversidad, equidad, número de especies y abundancia total se relacionaron con los meses cálidos. Al utilizar el ACP en su forma espacial registro que la localidad Punta Colorada obtuvo una mayor correlación con el número de especies, diversidad y abundancia total.

[Taxonomic composition and zoogeographical aspects of deep sea fishes (90-540m) from the Gulf of California, Mexico]. / Composición taxonómica y aspectos zoogeográficos de peces de profundidad (90-540m) del Golfo de California, México.

The Gulf of California has a high variety of ecosystems that allow different services and the fishery resources play a prominent role in its ecology, evolution and economics. Fish coastal species have been previously reported for most coastal areas, especially those species that are subject to fishing, however, little is known on the species from deep sea zones, due to sampling difficulties. We studied the deep sea fishes collected with trawl nets during three research surveys in the Gulf of California, Mexico in 2004-2005. We provide a systematic checklist and some notes on biogeographical aspects. For this, 74 fishing hauls were done, and a total of 9 898 fishes were captured, belonging to two classes, 15 orders, 35 families, 53 genera and 70 species. The best represented families in number of species were: Paralichthyidae (eight), Serranidae (six), and Scorpaenidae and Triglidae with five species each one. The typical families from deep waters were: Ophidiidae, Moridae, Lophiidae, Scorpaenidae, Triglidae, Paralichthydae, Pleuronectidae and Cynoglossidae. Size range varied from 13cm for the Splinose searobin (Bellator xenisma) to 234cm in the Pacific Cutlassfish (Trichiurus nitens). The biogeographical affinity showed that species with affinity to the East Tropical Pacific (ETP) dominated, followed by species from San Diego-Panamic, San Diego-Panamic-Peruvian-Chilean and Oregonian-Cortes provinces, respectively. A biogeographic overlap was found in the fauna, which reflects the Gulf of California's geographical position, with distribution limits of species from temperate, tropical and warm-temperature transition affinities, divisions that characterize the Gulf of California. Taxonomic status of fish with a focus on composition, location, characterization and zoogeography are fundamental to any subject of biodiversity and fisheries management actions.

Composición taxonómica y aspectos zoogeográficos de peces de profundidad (90-540m) del Golfo de California, México / Taxonomic composition and zoogeographical aspects of deep sea fishes (90-540m) from the Gulf of California, Mexico

Taxonomic composition and zoogeographical aspects of deep sea fishes (90-540m) from the Gulf of California, Mexico. The Gulf of California has a high variety of ecosystems that allow different services and the fishery resources play a prominent role in its ecology, evolution and economics. Fish coastal species have been previously reported for most coastal areas, especially those species that are subject to fishing, however, little is known on the species from deep sea zones, due to sampling cifficulties. We studied the deep sea fishes collected with trawl nets during three research surveys in the Gulf of California, Mexico in 2004-2005. We provide a systematic checklist and some notes on biogeographical aspects. For this, 74 fishing hauls were done, and a total of 9 898 fishes were captured, belonging to two classes, 15 orders, 35 families, 53 genera and 70 species. The best represented families in number of species were: Paralichthyidae (eight), Serranidae (six), and Scorpaenidae and Triglidae with five species each one. The typical families from deep waters were: Ophidiidae, Moridae, Lophiidae, Scorpaenidae, Triglidae, Paralichthydae, Pleuronectidae and Cynoglossidae. Size range varied from 13cm for the Splinose searobin (Bellator xenisma) to 234cm in the Pacific Cutlassfish (Trichiurus nitens). The biogeographical affinity showed that species with affinity to the East Tropical Pacific (ETP) dominated, followed by species from San Diego-Panamic, San Diego-Panamic-Peruvian-Chilean and Oregonian-Cortes provinces, respectively. A biogeographic overlap was found in the fauna, which reflects the Gulf of California’s geographical position, with distribution limits of species from temperate, tropical and warm-temperature transition affinities, divisions that characterize the Gulf of California. Taxonomic status of fish with a focus on composition, location, characterization and zoogeography are fundamental to any subject of biodiversity and fisheries management actions.

El Golfo de California tiene una alta variedad de ecosistemas que permiten obtener diferentes servicios y los peces juegan un papel prominente en la ecología, evolución y economía de este. De los peces, las especies costeras han sido reportadas previamente para la mayoría de las zonas litorales, especialmente aquellas especies que son sujetas a explotación pesquera, sin embargo, poco se conoce de las especies que habitan en zonas marinas profundas, debido a lo difícil de su muestreo. Se presenta el listado sistemático y la afinidad biogeográfica de los peces recolectados en tres cruceros de investigación en el Golfo de California con red de arrastre. Se efectuaron 74 lances exploratorios y se capturó un total de 9 898 peces, integrados por dos clases, 15 órdenes, 35 familias, 53 géneros y 70 especies. Las familias mejor representadas en número de especies son: Paralichthyidae (ocho especies), Serranidae (seis), Scorpaenidae y Triglidae (cinco cada una). Las familias típicas de aguas profundas son: Ophidiidae, Moridae, Lophiidae, Scorpaenidae, Triglidae, Paralichthydae, Pleuronectidae y Cynoglossidae. El intervalo de tallas encontrado varió de 13cm en la vaca doble hocico (Bellator xenisma) a 234cm en el sable del Pacífico Trichurus nitens. La afinidad biogeográfica muestra que dominaron las especies de afinidad al Pacífico Oriental Tropical (POT), seguidos por las especies de las provincias de San Diego-Panámica; San Diego-Panámica-peruano-chilena y provincias Oregoniana-de Cortés respectivamente. Se encontró un traslape biogeográfico de la fauna, la cual es reflejo de la posición geográfica del Golfo de California en los límites de distribución de los elementos en donde se manifiestan especies de afinidades templadas, tropicales y de transición templado-cálido, divisiones que caracterizan al Golfo de California. Los estatus taxonómicos en peces con un enfoque de composición, ubicación, caracterización y zoogeografía son fundamentales ...

[Seasonal and spatial structure of reef fish community in San Jose Island, Gulf of California, Mexico]. / Estructura temporal y espacial de la comunidad de peces arrecifales de la Isla San José, Golfo de California, México.

The Gulf of California is one of the most fish diverse areas of the Tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. In spite of its economic value, few works have considered fish community studies for optimum management. With the aim to determine the seasonal and spatial variation of fish communities in eight locations around the San José Island, some ecological research was conducted from March 2001 to February 2002. For this, visual censuses were used in 48 transects of 100x5m (500m2); specific analysis such as diversity values, the relative abundance and the biological value indexes were undertaken, and a principal component analysis applied. Our results clearly showed two climatic seasons of cold and warm waters. A total number of 26 608 organisms of 112 species and 76 genera of fishes were identified. We used the relative abundance index to determine the most important species, which were: Abudefduf troschelii, Thalassoma lucasanum, Stegastes rectifraenum, Mulloidichthys dentatus, Chromis atrilobata, Lutjanus argentiventris and Scarus ghobban. February was the month with the lowest diversity with a value of 3.12bits/ind. and October was the most diverse (4.13bits/ind.). According to the biological value index (BVI) and considering the climatic seasons, the fish species with the highest score during cold months were: A. troschelii, M. dentatus, S. ghobban, S. rectifraenum and T lucasanum. Besides, for warmer months, the same fish species were observed but in different order and abundance: A. troschelii, S. ghobban, S. rectifraenum, T lucasanum and M. dentatus. Using the biological value index, 13 species were those which had a higher overall score. The locations by the Eastern side of the island had a greater number of species and abundance of fish. The principal component analysis (PCA) applied using the seasonal data, species richness, diversity, equity, number of species and total abundance during the warmer months also a PCA within spatial data, showed that location in Punta Colorada had a high correlation with the number of species, diversity and total abundance.

Population parameters of the Pacific flagfin mojarra Eucinostomus currani (Perciformes: Gerreidae) captured by shrimp trawling fishery in the Gulf of California.

Shrimp trawling fishery in the Gulf of California captures a wide variety of non-target species of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks that are relatively unknown. The Pacific flagfin mojarra Eucinostomus currani is a frequently found species in these catches, nevertheless, nothing is currently known about its population dynamics. To contribute to the knowledge on this fish species, we studied the size structure, growth, mortality, and the recruitment pattern during the 2004-2005 seasons. A total of 6,078 mojarra were captured from 350 samples, with minimum and maximum lengths of 4.5 cm and a maximum of 21.0 cm. The average total length of the four major cohorts was 11.4, 13.7, 15.6 and 18.0 cm, corresponding to ages 0.9, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.2 years, respectively, being the most abundant the 1.2 year-old group. The instant growth coefficient indicated moderate growth rates (K(s) = 0.81/year, K(E) = 0.85/year), corresponding to individuals living between 3.5 to 3.7 years. The estimated asymptotic lengths was L (infinity) = 21.8 cm. In general, the population could be considered healthy: natural mortality (M = 1.53/year); total mortality (Z = 2.73/year); condition factor (K = 0.01072); fishery mortality (F = 1.2/year) and exploitation rate (E = 0.43/year). The maximum reproduction period almost coincided with the closed season for shrimp fishing (March to August), thus we concluded that survival of the species is ensured because reproduction is indirectly protected.

Population parameters of the Pacific flagfin mojarra Eucinostomus currani (Perciformes: Gerreidae) captured by shrimp trawling fishery in the Gulf of California

Shrimp trawling fishery in the Gulf of California captures a wide variety of non-target species of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks that are relatively unknown. The Pacific flagfin mojarra Eucinostomus currani is a frequently found species in these catches, nevertheless, nothing is currently known about its population dynamics. To contribute to the knowledge on this fish species, we studied the size structure, growth, mortality, and the recruitment pattern during the 2004-2005 seasons. A total of 6 078 mojarra were captured from 350 samples, with minimum and maximum lengths of 4.5cm and a maximum of 21.0cm. The average total length of the four major cohorts was 11.4, 13.7, 15.6 and 18.0cm, corresponding to ages 0.9, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.2 years, respectively, being the most abundant the 1.2 year-old group. The instant growth coefficient indicated moderate growth rates (K S=0.81/year, K E=0.85/year), corresponding to individuals living between 3.5 to 3.7 years. The estimated asymptotic lengths was L∞=21.8cm. In general, the population could be considered healthy: natural mortality (M=1.53/year); total mortality (Z=2.73 /year); condition factor (K=0.01072); fishery mortality (F=1.2/ year) and exploitation rate (E=0.43/year). The maximum reproduction period almost coincided with the closed season for shrimp fishing (March to August), thus we concluded that survival of the species is ensured because reproduction is indirectly protected. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 887-897. Epub 2011 June 01.

La pesquería de camarón del Golfo de California captura una amplia variedad de especies incidentales, relativamente no conocidas que incluye peces, crustáceos y moluscos. La mojarra bandera del Pacífico Eucinostomus currani es frecuentemente encontrada en las capturas del camarón y no hay información sobre su dinámica poblacional. La estructura de tallas, crecimiento, mortalidad y patrón de reclutamiento fueron determinados durante la temporada 2004-2005. De manera que se recolectaron 6 078 organismos de esta especie en 350 muestras, las tallas mínima y máxima fueron 4.5cm y 21.0cm. La talla media de las cuatro cohortes presentes fueron 11.4, 13.7, 15.6 y 18.0cm, correspondiendo a edades de 0.9, 1.2, 1.6 y 2.2 años. El coeficiente instantáneo de crecimiento indica un crecimiento moderado (KS=0.81/año, KE=0.85/año), con una longevidad de 3.5 años. La longitud asintótica estimada fue L∞=21.8cm. En general, la población se mostró saludable, con una mortalidad natural (M=1.53/año); factor de condición (K=0.01072); mortalidad total (Z=2.73 /año); mortalidad por pesca (F=1.2/año) y tasa de explotación (E=0.43/año). El periodo de máxima reproducción coincide con la temporada de veda de la pesca de camarón (marzo a agosto). Concluimos que la sobrevivencia de la especie se encuentra indirectamente protegida.

Peces de la fauna de acompañamiento en la pesca industrial de camarón en el Golfo de California, México

Bycatch fish species from shrimp industrial fishery in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The shrimp fishery in the Gulf of California is one the most important activities of revenue and employment for communities. Nevertheless, this fishery has also created a large bycatch problem, principally fish. To asses this issue, a group of observers were placed on board the industrial shrimp fleet and evaluated the Eastern side of the Gulf during 2004 and 2005. Studies consisted on 20kg samples of the capture for each trawl, and made possible a systematic list of species for this geographic area. Fish represented 70% of the capture. A total of 51 101 fish were collected, belonging to two classes, 20 orders, 65 families, 127 genera, and 241 species. The order Perciformes was the most diverse with 31 families, 78 genera, and 158 species. The best represented families by number of species were: Sciaenidae (34) and Paralichthyidae (18) and Haemulidae and Carangidae (16 each). The best represented genera in number of species were Symphurus (nine) and Diplectrum and Cynoscion (six); other important genera were Larimus and Porichthys with five species each. The best represented species in number were Syacium ovale, Pseudupeneus grandisquamis, Haemulopsis nitidos, Diplectrum pacificum, Synodus scituliceps, Balistes polylepis, Eucinostomus currani, Eucinostomus gracilis, Porichthys analis, Chloroscombrus orqueta, Selene peruviana, Orthopristis reddingi, Etropus crossotus, Scorpaena sonorae and Urobatis halleri. The number of recorded species is notably high, compared with demersal fauna of other areas of the Mexican Pacific, such as Gulf of Tehuantepec (178), Nayarit, Michoacán, Guerrero (174, 120 and 166), Jalisco and Colima (161 species), and those of the Western coast of the Baja California Peninsula (220 species). Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (3): 925-942. Epub 2010 September 01.

Composición taxonómica de peces integrantes de la fauna de acompañamiento de la pesca industrial de camarón del Golfo de California, México. La pesquería de camarón es la más importante en el Golfo de California y también la más problemática con respecto a las capturas incidentales en México. Dentro de la fauna de acompañamiento del camarón (FAC), el grupo de mayor abundancia son los peces. Se presenta listado sistemático de las especies de peces presentes en la FAC de la pesquería industrial de camarón en la costa oriental del Golfo de California. Durante 2004-2005 se implementó un sistema de observadores a bordo de la flota camaronera de Guaymas, Sonora, que recolectaron muestras de 20kg de la captura. Los peces representaron 70% de las capturas en número. Se recolectó un total de 51 101 ejemplares de peces, pertenecientes a dos clases, 20 órdenes, 65 familias, 127 géneros y 241 especies. El orden Perciformes fue el más diverso (31 familias, 78 géneros y 158 especies). Las familias mejor representadas en número de especies fueron: Sciaenidae y Paralichthyidae con 34 y 18 especies, Haemulidae y Carangidae aportaron 16 especies. Los géneros mejor representados fueron Symphurus con nueve y Diplectrum y Cynoscion con seis especies, otros géneros importantes fueron Larimus y Porichthys con cinco especies. El número de especies registrado es alto, comparado con la fauna demersal de otras áreas del Pacífico Mexicano. Esta alta riqueza de especies se puede atribuir a los sistemas de corrientes, surgencias, remolinos, topografía y batimetría únicas, que en conjunto originan un ecosistema dinámico con un amplio régimen térmico y una gran variedad de hábitats. Los resultados aqui presentados ponen de manifiesto que esta región del Golfo de California presenta una gran riqueza de especies, lo que abre diversas expectativas desde el punto de vista ecológico, pesquero, alimenticio y de manejo.

[Bycatch fish species from shrimp industrial fishery in the Gulf of California, Mexico]. / Peces de la fauna de acompañamiento en la pesca industrial de camarón en el Golfo de California, México.

Bycatch fish species from shrimp industrial fishery in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The shrimp fishery in the Gulf of California is one the most important activities of revenue and employment for communities. Nevertheless, this fishery has also created a large bycatch problem, principally fish. To asses this issue, a group of observers were placed on board the industrial shrimp fleet and evaluated the Eastern side of the Gulf during 2004 and 2005. Studies consisted on 20kg samples of the capture for each trawl, and made possible a systematic list of species for this geographic area. Fish represented 70% of the capture. A total of 51 101 fish were collected, belonging to two classes, 20 orders, 65 families, 127 genera, and 241 species. The order Perciformes was the most diverse with 31 families, 78 genera, and 158 species. The best represented families by number of species were: Sciaenidae (34) and Paralichthyidae (18) and Haemulidae and Carangidae (16 each). The best represented genera in number of species were Symphurus (nine) and Diplectrum and Cynoscion (six); other important genera were Larimus and Porichthys with five species each. The best represented species in number were Syacium ovale, Pseudupeneus grandisquamis, Haemulopsis nitidos, Diplectrum pacificum, Synodus scituliceps, Balistes polylepis, Eucinostomus currani, Eucinostomus gracilis, Porichthys analis, Chloroscombrus orqueta, Selene peruviana, Orthopristis reddingi, Etropus crossotus, Scorpaena sonorae and Urobatis halleri. The number of recorded species is notably high, compared with demersal fauna of other areas of the Mexican Pacific, such as Gulf of Tehuantepec (178), Nayarit, Michoacán, Guerrero (174, 120 and 166), Jalisco and Colima (161 species), and those of the Western coast of the Baja California Peninsula (220 species).

Análisis de la abundancia, dominancia y diversidad de la comunidad de peces demersales de profundidad de 90 a 540 metros en el Golfo de California, México / Abundance, dominance and diversity analysis of the demersal fish community analysis at 90 to 540 meters of depth in the Gulf of California, Mexico / Análise da abundância, dominância e diversidade da comunidade de peixes demersais de profundidade de 90 a 540 metros no Golfo da Califórnia, México

Se hace un análisis de la comunidad de los peces demersales del talud continental de la costa oriental del Golfo de California, México. Las muestras provienen de tres cruceros realizados con una red de arrastre a profundidades de 90-540m. Los diagramas de temperatura-salinidad (T-S) mostraron que a esas profundidades se encuentra la masa de agua del Golfo de California y por debajo de ella, la masa de agua sub-superficial del Pacífico. Se encontró que la temperatura y el O2 disuelto disminuyeron gradualmente hasta la profundidad máxima de muestreo (540m), siendo en esta última de 7°C y 0.1ml·l-1, respectivamente. Se registraron 71 especies pertenecientes a 35 familias. El valor de diversidad máxima y mínimo promedio (H’) fue 2,2 y 0,8 bits/ind, y la riqueza específica (D) fue de 3,6 y 0,2 Las especies Caelorinchus scaphopsis, Merluccius productus, Pleuronichthys verticals, Sebastes spinorbis, Microlephidium verecundum, Lepophidium prorates y Lophiodes spilurus fueron las dominantes de acuerdo al índice de importancia relativa. La comunidad de peces del talud se conformo de dos comunidades diferentes, la primera por especies de ambito costero que abarca de 90 a 270m, caracterizada por valores moderados y altos de diversidad y riqueza especifica, con la dominancia compartida entre un mayor número de especies, mientras que la segunda comunidad estuvo formada por especies típicas de profundidad, de baja diversidad, y la dominancia esta soportada en pocas especies. Se infiere que las variables ambientales juegan un papel importante en la conformación de esta estructura comunitaria.

An analysis of the demersal fish community of the eastern continental slope of the Gulf of California, México, was performed. Samples were obtained with a trawl net at 90-540m of depth by three separate research surveys. Temperature-salinity diagrams showed two main water masses, one represented by the Gulf of California water mass, down to a depth of 540m, and a deeper one corresponding to the sub-surface Pacific water mass. Depth profiles for temperature and dissolved O2 were obtained, and plots constructed from them. These profiles showed that temperature and O2 concentration decreased gradually along a smooth gradient to a minimun of 7°C and 0.1ml·l-1, respectively, at 540m deep. Seventy-one species belonging to 35 families were found. Average maximum and minimum overall diversity (H´) values were 2.2 and 0.8 bits/ind and the specific richness (R) index value were 3.6 and 0.2. Caelorinchus scaphopsis, Merluccius productus, Pleuronichthys verticals, Sebastes spinorbis, Microlephidium verecundum, Lepophidium prorates. and Lophiodes spilurus were the most dominant species, based on the relative importance index. The fish community structure suggests two different communities with two groups of species, one at 90-270m deep that shows strong associations with moderate to high diversity values and specific richness, with shared dominance by numerous species, and a second community made out of typical deep water species, with low diversity and dominance featured by a few species. The data suggests that environmental conditions play an important role in the distribution and the community structure of these species.

Faz-se uma análise da comunidade dos peixes demersais do talude continental da costa oriental do Golfo da Califórnia, México. As amostras provêm de três cruzeiros realizados com uma rede de arrasto a profundidades de 90-540m. Os diagramas de temperatura-salinidade (T-S) mostraram que a essas profundidades se encontra a massa de água do Golfo da Califórnia e por baixo dela, a massa de água subsuperficial do Pacífico. Encontrou-se que a temperatura e o O2 dissolvido diminuiram gradualmente até a profundidade máxima de amostragem (540m), sendo nesta última de 7°C e 0.1ml·l-1, respectivamente. Registraram-se 71 espécies pertencentes a 35 famílias. O valor de diversidade máximo e mínimo médio (H’) foi 2,2 e 0,8 bits/ind, e a riqueza específica (D) foi de 3,6 e 0,2. As espécies Caelorinchus scaphopsis, Merluccius productus, Pleuronichthys verticals, Sebastes spinorbis, Microlephidium verecundum, Lepophidium prorates e Lophiodes spilurus foram as dominantes de acordo ao índice de importância relativa. A comunidade de peixes do talude foi conformada a partir de duas comunidades diferentes, a primeira por espécies de âmbito costeiro que abrange de 90 a 270m, caracterizada por valores moderados e altos de diversidade e riqueza específica, com a dominância compartida entre um maior número de espécies, enquanto que a segunda comunidade esteve formada por espécies típicas de profundidade, de baixa diversidade, e a dominância está suportada em poucas espécies. Infere-se que as variáveis ambientais têm um papel importante na conformação desta estrutura comunitária.

Composición taxonómica y relaciones zoogeográficas de los peces demersales de la costa occidental de Baja California Sur, México

Taxonomic composition and zoogeographic relations of demersal in the western coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The composition of demersal fish along the western coast of the State of Baja California Sur, México, including the limit of the northern distribution of the ichthyofauna of the eastern tropical Pacific, is presented. The survey was carried out on four oceanographic cruises between autumn 2004 and March 2006. Of 220 species in 132 genera and 73 families, 26.3% are species of wide distribution from San Diego County, USA to Panama and 21.7% are species restricted to the eastern tropical Pacific. Six species are new findings for the area or range expansions. The families with the most species are Paralichthyidae and Scorpaenidae, each with 16 species. The most frequent genus was Sebastes, with nine species. We present a table with common Spanish names, size range and status of each species inside the community. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1765-1783. Epub 2008 December 12.

Se presenta la composición sistemática de peces demersales de la costa occidental de Baja California Sur, límite de distribución norte de la ictiofauna del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Se realizaron cuatro cruceros oceanográficos durante otoño de 2004 a marzo de 2006. Este listado incluye 220 especies, 132 géneros y 73 familias. El 26.3% corresponde a especies de amplia distribución desde la Provincia de San Diego a la Provincia Panámica y el 21.7% son especies restringidas a la región del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Seis especies representan nuevos registros para la zona o ampliación de su ámbito de distribución. Las familias mejor representadas en número de especies fueron Paralichthyidae y Scorpaenidae, con 16 especies cada una. El género mejor representado fue Sebastes con 9 especies. Se presentan los nombres comunes, intervalo de tallas y el estatus de cada especie dentro de la comunidad.

[Taxonomic composition and zoogeographic relations of demersal in the western coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico]. / Composición taxonómica y relaciones zoogeográficas de los peces demersales de la costa occidental de Baja California Sur, México.

The composition of demersal fish along the western coast of the State of Baja California Sur, Mexico, including the limit of the northern distribution of the ichthyofauna of the eastern tropical Pacific, is presented. The survey was carried out on four oceanographic cruises between autumn 2004 and March 2006. Of 220 species in 132 genera and 73 families, 26.3% are species of wide distribution from San Diego County, U.S.A. to Panama and 21.7% are species restricted to the eastern tropical Pacific. Six species are new findings for the area or range expansions. The families with the most species are Paralichthyidae and Scorpaenidae, each with 16 species. The most frequent genus was Sebastes, with nine species. We present a table with common Spanish names, size range and status of each species inside the community.